Reaction Paper: Always

It all broached with a quite bit of confusion. I horizon the film was ab discover the history of Japan or whatever but then as we arrived in the cinema and start watching the flick I got curious why it was like a drollery and a little bit drama kind of movie. The movie was set back on 1958 at the time of the construction of the Tokyo reign so the screens color was brownish (Classic) and the actors and actresses tog up were classic too. There ar two 2 families in this story the Suzuki family and the Chagawa family.The Suzuki family was more capable than Chakagawa family. To start the story, it is about a teenage girl named Mutsuko arrives in Tokyo to take a job in a major automobilemotive company but finds that she is employed by a small auto repair shop owned by Suzuki. The Suzuki shop lies almost in the shadow of the Tokyo Tower as it rises steadily above the skyline during construction in 1958. Others in the neighborhood also are striving to better themselves as Japan conti nues to emerge from the shadow of war.Abandoned by his single mother, spring chicken Junnosuke is first handed off to Hiromi but she passes him off to Ryunosuke Chagawa, a struggling writer who only manages to swop adventure stories for boys as his serious novels continue to be rejected.. This two families are sometimes not in good terms but in the end they all became friends when Hiromi give birth to her baby sequence theyre watching the Olympics. I like the movie so much, actually to be honest it make my cry.Especially in the slam of Ryunosuke Chagawa when he knew that his father loves him so much, that his father bought all the episodes of his book. Its like, for how many years of pain and for how many years that he was mad with his father noneffervescent, father is a father. And the scene of Junnosuke when he needs to come back home because he forgot the pen the Chagawa gave when hes still a child. Then I was also amazed in what Japan did in the opening of Olympics in that year. I was like Wow Astig .They made the 5 rings of Olympics logo by the jets, the jets were the one who withdraw it. The movies is very beautiful, simple and fantastic it is about everyday difficulties and joys of people. What I like most in this movie and to conclude it all, I love or like this movie because it was filled with bits of memorable moments that would send you bursting out with laughter while tears are still continuing to fill up your eyes. I herald to recommend this movie to my family, friends and other classmates. One of the best movie Ive ever watched.

Australian Democracy Essay

Australia is run by a antiauthoritarian system at completely 3 levels of g everywherenment (Federal, State and Local). Democracy means in Hellenic rule by the g overned. A democrary has key fundermentals that sustains that type of leadership. In a perfect body politic all(prenominal) citizen has equal fond amount of power and emancipation. In Australia everyone Australian citizen over the age of 18 has a single voting to elect persons inspectking election to the relevant level of politics. This is one owing(p) employment to the world community of fair rights and freedom.Although a prime minister governs Australia, their power is indirectly nonwithstanding accessible through and through the peoples vote Australia has crowing since the first devisetlement on the original lands, we pass created states and territories, education for our people and developed a safe community for people to live in. We put one over grown as a community and we earn embraced our culture fr om this land and from the migrants to the sphere. In the beginning in that respect were conflicts mingled with the British and Indigenous people as the settlers occupied their traditional territory. This occupation issue has been growth over the years and has resulted in land claims similar to what has happened in Canada.From convicts to well educated and harmonious citizens we fox pay back one of the most respected and multi-cultural communities, unlike other countries where on that point is discrimination of other cultures or totalitarian regimes in power. These along with lack of education are major reasons that lead to conflict and accompanying struggle within a country. In Australia we embrace our multicultural society and advertise this as an reinforcement for migrants to pay back to our country to boost our declining birth rate and ageing demographics.Being an Australian citizen you keep guidelines and responsibilities that you have to live they are Obey the la ws and fulfil your duties as an Australian citizen Enrol on the Electoral cross-file and vote at national, state, territory and local government elections and referendums Serve on a jury, if called upon Defend Australia, should the adopt mug up From these guidelines you have to respect the law, vote for your leader, become a concerned citizen and defend your country if it is subscribe toed. These rights indicate the freedom and voice that you have in Australia. If an unelected leader ruled you, you wouldnt have these rights and freedoms, which Australian citizens have.The powers of the federal government are outlined in the constitution. The constitution also outlines the role of States, Judiciary and the Governor-General. This constitution digest alone be altered by a majority of the states having a majority of voters approving the proposed law, that 1 alteration to the constitution has happened in over 100 years and that was the granted of suffrage to the aborigines. examine the Australian system to a nonher country with a totalitarian regime ruling for fashion model in China, there is an estimated 500,000 people that are currently enduring punishment without charge or trial.Whereas in Australia you would go through court to be judged by a jury to receive the punishment waitd (This is exemplified by the detaining of David Hicks in Guantanomo Bay without a trial, even though he may have committed unspoilt crimes, he should have at least had a fair and proper trial shortly later his arrest). in that location has been harassment, house arrest and abuse of human rights in China due to protests against the government, an issue that Australia does not face. other interesting comparison is Fiji a place I have visited. Whilst there I spy the non-integration of the Fijians and Indians. upshot to this there is always tension between the two races and that is why there have been many an(prenominal) coops over the years. The army has too much power and is fit to topple the government, a situation that would be intolerable in Australia. The main issues facing Australia in 2008 are the distri exclusivelyion of wealth, positioning Australia for orbiculateisation, the poor socio-economic stead of our autochthonal people and accompanying poor health and living condition of the indigenous people, the ageing of Australia and subsequent global warming and its subsequent impacts on the economy and the ecology.With the distribution of wealth, the government has introduced welfare to work measures and due to this and the chesty economy 600,000 people have returned to work from welfare in the last 10 years. hoi polloi on Centrelink payments are basically living day to day and need more money to be able to live a reasonable life style. The downside of this booming economy and persons working is the affordability of housing beingness an all time low. With globalisation Australia is finding a great proportion of manufactured goods being do in China. In addition our Call Centres are being catered by more and more oversea staff (mainly Indians).Australia is lucky to be endowed with abundant resources, but this employs very few people. Due to the high up follow of our labour market compared with 3rd world countries we need to continually establish niche industries that require passing educated people. The Howard government introduced a taskforce to tackle the problems faced by indigenous Australians in the Yankee Territory. The northerly Territory Emergency Response was primarily initiated to give the aboriginal children a better and safer future. It is primeval age on this initiative, but this may be a starting point in oral communicationing this dissymmetry in our society.Australia like many 1st world countries is experiencing an ageing workforce. Couples are having fewer children and later in their life, to countenance couples the government has introduced a Baby Bonus payment, increase Child Care payments and has an immigration policy targeted to add-on the declining birth rate. This essay has outlined all the current positive aspects of Australian society, but we need to portion out the future and the sustainability of our environment for our grandchildren. The federal government is addressing this issue by introducing a carbon- barter schema.This carbon trading scheme, where the tax revenue on carbon producing goods and services go into a positive influence on the environment, for example pose trees. The Australian government is following leads by other countries in this circumstance. Australia may have its problems e. g corpulency problems, homeless persons, cost of housing. But these pale into insignifi brush asidece when compared with issues faced by countries with civil wars and health epidemics (such as help in Africa). Australians give money to overseas charities, a great example of this was the tsunamis experienced conspiracy tocopherol Asia.Following this catastrophic event the Charity Organisations were inundated with money. In addition the Federal administration gives literal sums of money to our Pacific neighbours. Australia although not a power on the world stage can apply a lot of influence in the Pacific Islands. Australia is a far from perfect country but through a democratic system anyone of voting age can do things to address the problems that they see as an important issue. This can be illustrated by the election of the Rudd government on its environmental and workplace relations platform.The Howard government argued that without India and China aboard any carbon trading scheme would not work. They are probably right in this issue, so the Rudd government needs to set up a fair and equitable trading scheme and find some way on courtly a carbon tax on any goods and services we get from countries that do not have a scheme in place. Research Essay on Democracy and Citizenship in Australia Australia is an smooth example to the world of a democracy which values the participation of its citizens in all levels of government.Discuss In this essay I will examine the development of Australian society and subsequent rights given to Australian citizens, thus addressing the guiding question as quoted at the top of the paper. Australia is run by a democratic system at all 3 levels of government (Federal, State and Local). Democracy means in Greek rule by the governed. A democrary has key fundermentals that sustains that type of leadership. In a perfect democracy every citizen has equal accessible amount of power and freedom.In Australia everyone Australian citizen over the age of 18 has a single vote to elect persons seeking election to the relevant level of government. This is one great example to the world community of fair rights and freedom. Although a prime minister governs Australia, their power is indirectly only accessible through the peoples vote Australia has grown since the first settlement on the I ndigenous lands, we have created states and territories, education for our people and developed a safe community for people to live in.We have grown as a community and we have embraced our culture from this land and from the migrants to the country. In the beginning there were conflicts between the British and Indigenous people as the settlers occupied their traditional territory. This occupation issue has been festering over the years and has resulted in land claims similar to what has happened in Canada. From convicts to well educated and harmonious citizens we have become one of the most respected and multi-cultural communities, unlike other countries where there is discrimination of other cultures or totalitarian regimes in power.These along with lack of education are major reasons that lead to conflict and subsequent war within a country. In Australia we embrace our multicultural society and advertise this as an advantage for migrants to come to our country to boost our declini ng birth rate and ageing demographics. Being an Australian citizen you have guidelines and responsibilities that you have to follow they are Obey the laws and fulfil your duties as an Australian citizen Enrol on the Electoral Register and vote at federal, state, territory and local government elections and referendums Serve on a jury, if called upon. Defend Australia, should the need arise From these guidelines you have to respect the law, vote for your leader, become a concerned citizen and defend your country if it is needed. These rights express the freedom and voice that you have in Australia. If an unelected leader ruled you, you wouldnt have these rights and freedoms, which Australian citizens have. The powers of the federal government are outlined in the constitution. The constitution also outlines the role of States, Judiciary and the Governor-General.This constitution can only be altered by a majority of the states having a majority of voters approving the proposed law, only 1 alteration to the constitution has happened in over 100 years and that was the granted of suffrage to the aborigines. Comparing the Australian system to another country with a totalitarian regime ruling for example in China, there is an estimated 500,000 people that are currently enduring punishment without charge or trial.Whereas in Australia you would go through court to be judged by a jury to receive the punishment required (This is exemplified by the detaining of David Hicks in Guantanomo Bay without a trial, even though he may have committed serious crimes, he should have at least had a fair and proper trial shortly after his arrest). There has been harassment, house arrest and abuse of human rights in China due to protests against the government, an issue that Australia does not face. Another interesting comparison is Fiji a place I have visited. Whilst there I noticed the non-integration of the Fijians and Indians.Consequent to this there is always tension between the two races and that is why there have been many coops over the years. The army has too much power and is able to topple the government, a situation that would be intolerable in Australia. The main issues facing Australia in 2008 are the distribution of wealth, positioning Australia for globalisation, the poor socio-economic status of our indigenous people and subsequent poor health and living condition of the indigenous people, the ageing of Australia and subsequent global warming and its subsequent impacts on the economy and the ecology.With the distribution of wealth, the government has introduced welfare to work measures and due to this and the robust economy 600,000 people have returned to work from welfare in the last 10 years. People on Centrelink payments are basically living day to day and need more money to be able to live a reasonable life style. The downside of this booming economy and persons working is the affordability of housing being an all time low. With globalisatio n Australia is finding a great proportion of manufactured goods being made in China.In addition our Call Centres are being staffed by more and more overseas staff (mainly Indians). Australia is lucky to be endowed with abundant resources, but this employs very few people. Due to the high cost of our labour market compared with 3rd world countries we need to continually establish niche industries that require highly educated people. The Howard government introduced a taskforce to tackle the problems faced by indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory. The Northern Territory Emergency Response was primarily initiated to give the aboriginal children a better and safer future.It is early days on this initiative, but this may be a starting point in addressing this imbalance in our society. Australia like many 1st world countries is experiencing an ageing workforce. Couples are having fewer children and later in their life, to assist couples the government has introduced a Baby Bonu s payment, increase Child Care payments and has an immigration policy targeted to supplement the declining birth rate. This essay has outlined all the current positive aspects of Australian society, but we need to address the future and the sustainability of our environment for our grandchildren.The federal government is addressing this issue by introducing a carbon-trading scheme. This carbon trading scheme, where the tax on carbon producing goods and services go into a positive influence on the environment, for example planting trees. The Australian government is following leads by other countries in this circumstance. Australia may have its problems e. g Obesity problems, homeless persons, cost of housing. But these pale into insignificance when compared with issues faced by countries with civil wars and health epidemics (such as Aids in Africa).Australians give money to overseas charities, a great example of this was the tsunamis experienced South East Asia. Following this catas trophic event the Charity Organisations were inundated with money. In addition the Federal Government gives substantial sums of money to our Pacific neighbours. Australia although not a power on the world stage can impose a lot of influence in the Pacific Islands. Australia is a far from perfect country but through a democratic system anyone of voting age can do things to address the problems that they see as an important issue.This can be illustrated by the election of the Rudd government on its environmental and workplace relations platform. The Howard government argued that without India and China aboard any carbon trading scheme would not work. They are probably right in this issue, so the Rudd government needs to set up a fair and equitable trading scheme and find some way on imposing a carbon tax on any goods and services we get from countries that do not have a scheme in place.

Determinants of Capital Structure in Pakistan Essay

Capital social system refers to the combination of asset financing from disparate available sources. Normally the companies obtain two choices, either to finance the assets from internal source that is termed as maintained earnings or from external source that splits into debt and equity. A directs jacket crown structure is than the root of its liabilities. In reality, slap-up structure of steadfastlys may be highly complex and consist of number of sources. These sources fail from the retained earnings and ends in hybrid securities.The source of funding a uppercase is too alter into short term and long term financing. Modigliani-Miller theorem The thinking of capital structure was initiated by the Modigliani-Miller theorem, pro stick byd by Franco Modigliani and Merton miller. They do two findings under perfect market conditions. Their first proposition was that the value of a whole is self-supporting of its capital structure and the second proposition express tha t the be of equity for a supplement firm is equal to the cost of equity for an un-leveraged firm with addition of premium for financial risk.They extended their analysis by including the effect of taxes and risky debt. Under a classical tax system, the tax deductibility of interest makes debt financing valuable. It authority the increase in proportion of debt in capital decreases the cost of capital. And eventually the optimal structure would chip in no equity at all. Later on it was revealed that the imperfections of real world must be the scram of capital structure relevance to firm value. The trade-off and pecking order theory try to address near of these imperfections, by relaxing the M&M assumptions. Trade-off theoryTrade-off theory adds another shifting called financial distress in the previous studies and explains that although there is an advantage of debt financing and that reaps from the tax benefit shield. further a sequence come when the high debt give birth to bankruptcy cost and when the optimal level of capital structure is exceeded than the marginal benefit from the tax shield become little attractive than the cost of financial distress occurred due to debt financing. Therefore there exist an optimal debt and equity combination and companies should keep an eye on this optimal level of debt and capital ratio.This ratio is similar within one industry but may be different for different industries. The missing point of this theory is that it doesnt explain the difference in the optimal capital structure ratio of the uniform industry. Pecking order theory Pecking order theory tries to convey the costs of asymmetric information. That means the managers of a caller-up has more and complete information about the company than investors. The theory states that companys priorities their financing sources and prefer internal source of funding to external.The hierarchy of sources is much(prenominal) that whenever company needs sunrise(prenom inal) funds it tries to fulfill its requirement first from retained earnings than from debt and offer equity as last resort. The pecking order theory is famous by Myers & Majluf(1984) when they argues that equity is a less preferred means to raise capital because when managers issue new equity, investors believe that managers think that the firm is overvalued and managers argon taking advantage of this over-valuation. As a result, investors will place a lower value to the new equity issuance.The capital structuring plays vital role in the long run financial decisions of the company. In this composition my focus is on debt financing decisions of the company. I hold back explored why the companies use this source and what atomic number 18 the factors that hold back companys capital structure decision. The capital structure was firstly discussed by Modigliani & Miller in 1958. Modigliani & Miller (1958), the theorem states that, in a perfect market, how a firm is financed is ir per tinent to its value.Gay B.Hatfield (1994), demonstrated that the firms which issues debt are pitiable toward the industry average from below, the market will react more confirmatoryly than when the firm is moving away from the industrial average on the basis of this they classified firms leverage ratios as being supra or below their industry average before announcing a new debt issue. They test whether this has an effect on market return for share holders and they have founded that the relationship between a firms debt level and that of its industry does appear to be of concern to the market.Laurence Booth(2001), finds whether capital structure decisions differ significantly between developing and developed countries or not? He collected information of 10 developing countries by the world-wide finance corporation and use dining table data technique for comparative analysis. They found that the variables that are relevant for explaining capital structures in the United States and European countries are also relevant in developing countries. Jorgensen & Tera(2003), stated that there are many, industrial, accounting, managerial and macroeconomic factors that affect the capital structure decisions.They used sample data of capital structure determinants of 700 companies for the Latin American economies for the period 1986-2000. The workplace concluded that firms are impacted by company fundamental and macroeconomic forces. Deesomsak, Paudya, & Pescetto(2004), explore about capital structure for the Asian pacific countries. The countries discussed in their study are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Australia. The study explores that environmental and operational factors affect the decisions made for capital structure. The study also check outs that financial crisis of 1997 also affect the capital structure organizations.Shah & Hijazi(2004), investigate the procedure of non financial firms for the Pakistan perspective. The observed variables for capital st ructure are debt ratio, surface, growth, leverage and profitability. The results show that there is a positive relationship between size and leverage. The growth is negatively correlated to leverage and the study finds consistent relationship between profitability and leverage. Shah & Khan(2007), investigate the relationship between firm fundamental factors and leverage ratios for the period of 1994 to 2002.They used pool regression feigning to achieve their purpose. The findings show that earning volatility and depreciation variable are not correlated to leverage ratio. The mode theory is lead by growth factor and pecking order theory bear out by profitability variable. The trade off theory is lead by firms size. Daskalakisa & Psillaki(2008), investigate the blue and strength firms of Greek and French industries for the period of 1998 to 2002. The similar factors of the firms are used in this study because the same capital structure is employed in these two countries.There is a negative relationship among asset structure, profitability and leverage. The study finds that growth of France industry is statistically significant compare to Greek industry market. The study argues that there are firm specific differences among the countries non country factors. Psillak & Daskalakis(2009) studied secondary and medium size firms performance. The capital structure determinants are size, growth, profitability and risk. The results show that small and medium entrepreneurs affect the performance in a same way.The study explore there is a positive relationship between size and leverage and a negative relationship among growth, profitability and risk factors. Dilek Teker(2009), investigate the fundamentals of the capital structure theories, they assumed determinants can be related to find out whether some priori assumed macroeconomic determinants can be related to leverage parameters of interest or not. For this purpose, they conducted an empirical research that cover s 42 selected firms traded at the Istanbul Stock Exchange ISE-100 index.Following the developments in the contemporaneous estimation techniques that allow us to use time series and cross section data concurrently, the panel data methodology has been applied to the actual data to compute the leverage ratios for each firm within the time period 2000-2007. From this, they highlight the issue of what properties the leverage ratios have and to satisfy our interest about how can the macroeconomic determinants affect the leverage ratios under sundry(a) groupings such as tangibility, size, growth opportunities, profitability and non debt tax shields.Our main results return on assets and tangibility of assets have a positive and statistically significant impact on the firms leverage ratio, man the ratio of total depreciation to total assets and profit margin on sales seem to have some negative and significant impacts on Firms leverage degree. Tugba Bas(2009), worked on determinants of capi tal structure of small and medium enterprises in emerging markets. They used pooled data for 25 countries obtained from World Bank enterprises survey and applied panel data OLS technique for analysis.They found that tangibility is inversely related with leverage hence opposite for small firms. Profitability follows the pecking order theory and is also negative related. Firm size and GDP growth has positive relation with leverage. Inflation has negative impact on the leverage but interest rates pose positive relationship. Shun-Yu Chen(2011), the purpose of this paper is, to present empirical evidence on the determinants of capital structure and firm value in a newly industrialized country.The firm characteristics are analyzed as determinants of capital structure according to different explanatory theories. The findings of this study suggest that firm size, profitability and asset structure can be considered explanatory variables of capital structure. The firm size, profitability and capital structure affect tidings value. So the determinants of market value are profitability and firm size. Furthermore the capital structure negatively affects market value in electronic firms, but does not affect market value in non-electronic ones.

Family Structure in India

Niranjan, S. Sureender, S. and Rao, G. Rama. Family Structure in India prove from NFHS. Demography India. 27(2). 1998. P. 287-300. Family Structure in India Evidence from NFHS S. Niranjan, S. Sureenderand G. Rama Rao Introduction With the increase in the urbanization and industrialization, the concept of family in India, which once was to create and maintain a usual culture among the members of the family, is undergoing changes.However according to Beteille (1964), inspite of socio-economic and political changes, family life and family coordinate squander remained as an integral part of Indian caller with the spirit of family solidarity as the sustaining power. Ross (1961) ensn be that umteen Indians went through changes in the fount of family in which they lived in various sequences large reciprocal family, littler mutual family, atomic family, and thermo thermo thermo atomic family with dependants.DSouza (1971) argues that, the Indian family has been subjected to stress and strain, and inspite of resistance to change over the centuries, is s haplessly undergoing a shape of change significantly. According to Cohen (1981) domiciles confuse reputedly been shrinking in surface for ten thousand years or much(prenominal), right up to the present, and this is a result of an evolving technology that requires fewer co-operating people to secure food, arouse children, and look after the sick.Though it is generally matte up that give voice families, whose members were bound together by ties of common ancestry and common blank space dominate in the past, at that place atomic number 18 diverging views regarding the same. Gore (1968) says, the fraternal or col subsequental formulate family was never the intimately common form. Goode (1968) asserts that the large joint family was non common at any time in India perhaps because of the great forces of fission, initially between daughters-in-law and later between br new(prenominal)s.In a p laying field of three villages located in three different districts in Karnataka state, ii-thirds of the families were nuclear and the rest were different forms of joint family (Rao, Kulkarni and Rayappa, 1986). Although it can be argued that over the years joint family is s minorly broad way to nuclear families, a number of studies reveal that despite the fact of living in the nuclear family set-up some functional relationships are maintained with the nonresidential family members (Agarwala, 1962 Desai, 1964 Kapadia, 1969 Gore, 1968).As still in India most of the marriages are staged by the parents, marital life begins in the parents family and later depending on the situation, a dwelling unit is coherent by the parents or an early(a)(prenominal) aged(a) members of the family (Richard et 1 al. , 1985). Hence, it is possible that the decisions taken by the members of the nuclear family are guided by their parents and relatives. However, this to an extent depends on the diffe rent shells of family well-disposed organisation. Generally, family pillowcases are classified conveniently in many of the studies as nuclear and joint families.In such(prenominal) a content, it would be rather difficult to conclude meaningfully about the significance of these family types on its family members. To be precise, family types are classified differently by various scholars. Kapadia (1969) have identified two broad family types namely nuclear and joint/extended, while Richard et al. (1985) and Caldwell et al. (1988) have classified into nuclear, stem, joint, joint-stem and others. To show this issue further it would be necessary to understand the changes in the family complex body part at the macro train i. . , India over the years, which to an extent has been attempted in this idea. Objectives The specific objectives of this paper are (i) to understand the change in family structure at two points of time i. e. , in 1981 (census) and 1992-93 (NFHS), in different states of India, (ii) to study the differentials in family structure by different socio-economic characteristics of the proposition of the family at the all-India level. Sources of Data The data for this paper is obtained from National Family Health Survey, which was conducted during 1992-93.The principal(a) objective of the survey is to provide national and state-level data on different demographic and socio-economic determinants in value of family planning, maternal and child health indicators. The survey overly collected the information at three levels-Village, syndicate and Individual levels. The data for this paper is obtained from the plate questionnaire, which contains information, related to age, sex, martial status, procreation, occupation and relationship to the head of the household for all usual residents as well as for the visitors who slept last night in the house.In addition, the household questionnaire also included information on lodgement conditions, such as the source of water supply, type of seat facility, land owning, type of house and various consumer durable goods and characteristics of the head of the household such as religion, company and place of residence. A total of 88,562 households were interviewed in India over all, of which two-thirds are from coarse areas. All these 88,562 households contains more than 5,50,000 persons, of which 4,99,369 are single the usual residents in the survey.Hence, for the present 2 paper the above mentioned bad-tempereds are analyzed only for the usual residents in the family. For the comparative purpose, the information on Household Structure in India pertaining to 1981 census print by the Registrar General of India is used (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991). Although the two sources of information are different i. e. , census and survey, and whence not to be compared, due to the lack of other sources of information, this attempt is undertaken.Methodology To know the distri furtherion of f amily structure in India, fol impressioning classifications are considered Type of family hit Member atomic Broken thermonuclear Supplemented Nuclear exposition The respondent who is alone This type of family includes Nuclear pair i. e. , crack and partner with or without un marry children Head without partner but with unmarried children It includes three types of families a) Supplemented Nuclear Head and better half with or without unmarried children but with other relations who are not currently having spouses. ) Broken Extended Nuclear Head without spouse but with other relations of whom only one is having spouse c) Supplemented Broken Nuclear Head without spouse with or without unmarried children but with other unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed relation It includes both(prenominal) lineally extended and collaterally extended families a) Lineally extended family Head and spouse with married son(s)/daughter(s) and their spouses and parents with or without other not currently married relation(s) (OR) Head without spouse but with at least two married son(s) and daughter(s) and their spouses and/or parents with or without other not currently married relations b) Collaterally extended family Head and spouse with married brother(s)/sister(s) and their spouses with or without other relation(s) including married relation(s) (OR) Head without spouse but with at least two married brothers/sisters and their spouses with or without other relations Joint Family 3 Source Chakravorty, C. and A. K. Singh. , 1991, Household Structures in India, nosecount of India 1991, Occasional Paper No. 1, Office of the Registrar General of India, virgin Delhi. Although there are vary definitions for classifying family structure, the above mentioned definitions are considered in this paper mainly to have a comparison with the 1981 census.The various downplay characteristics considered in the analytic thinking to describe the differentials in family type are (1) Educ ational level of the head of family ( untaught, Literate-upto Primary, affectionateness complete, High school and above) (2) Place of Residence (Urban, uncouth) and (3) Religion of the respondent ( Hindoo, Muslim and separates) (4) Caste of the respondent ( plan Tribe, Scheduled Caste and Others) (5) Sex of the head of family (Male, feminine) (6) Landowning billet (Yes, No) (7) Age of the head of family (less than 40 years, 40-60 years and 60 and above) (8) size of it of family (Small i. e. 1-3 members, Medium i. e. 4-6 members, banging i. e. 7-9 members, Very Large i. e. , 10 and above).Results The data for urban areas ( put back 1) reveals that in 1992-93 almost half of the urban state in India live in nuclear families and 23 share, 20 portion in joint family and supplemented nuclear families respectively. The percentage of single member and broken nuclear families together is only 6 percent. As compared to 1981 census, there has been a rule out in the single member, br oken nuclear and supplemented nuclear families in 1992-93 and the percentage of nuclear and joint families has increased over the years (Graph 1). 4 Table 1 luck Distribution of Different Type of Families in States/UTs of India for Urban Areas in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 Census Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 7. 91 4. 24 46. 77 23. 64 17. 08 5. 76 4. 42 52. 46 24. 47 12. 89 -4. 25 3. 25 4. 31 8. 53 4. 30 4. 39 6. 13 3. 8 4. 09 7. 61 7. 94 5. 41 5. 04 4. 53 3. 11 5. 40 -7. 03 3. 86 5. 27 7. 89 6. 21 6. 19 4. 93 3. 74 8. 81 7. 47 -42. 41 48. 43 49. 09 37. 35 48. 79 44. 13 42. 62 44. 91 44. 20 52. 95 43. 42 45. 46 49. 47 49. 17 43. 57 42. 09 -47. 35 47. 12 45. 52 51. 64 56. 33 49. 30 50. 15 51. 09 45. 06 20. 22 -23. 65 24. 04 20. 14 21. 45 20. 55 30. 06 32. 83 25. 08 19. 80 20. 00 31. 23 32. 52 23. 42 19. 63 24. 82 31. 99 -17. 92 20. 98 26. 44 21. 70 5. 10 21. 64 22. 00 20. 88 26. 78 53. 53 -20. 09 17. 98 18. 16 7. 94 20. 94 15. 06 14. 35 16. 81 2 1. 07 15. 11 5. 78 2. 60 10. 21 19. 41 19. 72 5. 60 -17. 30 20. 47 12. 94 5. 32 1. 95 8. 33 13. 46 12. 97 7. 35 5. 6 1992-93 NFHS Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 3. 2 3. 3 49. 8 20. 2 23. 4 1. 5 2. 6 54. 3 20. 3 21. 3 3. 5 1. 1 5. 1 1. 5 5. 3 1. 5 2. 2 1. 5 3. 0 2. 6 1. 4 2. 0 -4. 5 1. 2 3. 6 -2. 8 3. 5 3. 2 5. 0 -7. 6 5. 1 4. 1 -3. 9 1. 3 3. 5 2. 0 3. 5 3. 3 3. 3 4. 7 2. 7 3. 6 5. 2 3. 0 4. 8 3. 0 2. 8 2. 2 -3. 5 5. 2 3. 2 4. 0 -2. 8 2. 4 5. 2 -43. 6 44. 3 47. 9 52. 0 56. 2 48. 1 46. 2 50. 6 45. 9 47. 2 54. 2 41. 1 75. 8 55. 0 51. 3 54. 3 -50. 8 48. 5 51. 3 40. 7 -55. 6 50. 0 52. 3 -21. 3 18. 7 19. 0 18. 0 16. 2 18. 9 24. 8 22. 6 20. 5 20. 5 18. 8 28. 7 9. 7 20. 0 20. 3 17. 2 -25. 7 21. 4 18. 5 22. 3 -20. 1 17. 6 21. 8 -27. 7 34. 24. 6 26. 5 18. 7 28. 1 23. 4 20. 6 27. 9 26. 1 20. 3 25. 2 9. 7 17. 5 24. 4 22. 6 -17. 2 21. 4 23. 8 28. 0 -13. 9 24. 9 16. 6 -Total No. of cases 28747 1093 1227 1082 1359 1033 1035 987 1449 1213 1457 1753 345 202 227 129 0 937 1096 -1445 229 2302 1080 -144 3371 1827 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 9. 60 Gujarat 6. 30 Haryana 8. 25 Himachal 24. 73 Pradesh Jammu & 5. 14 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 74 Kerala 4. 04 Madhya 9. 54 Pradesh Maharashtra 7. 87 Manipur 4. 07 Meghalaya 11. 56 Nagaland 14. 01 Orissa 11. 76 Punjab 6. 92 Rajasthan 8. 74 Sikkim 14. 92 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 8. 00 Uttar Pradesh 7. 47 West Bengal 9. 82 Union Territories A. & N. slands 13. 45 Arunachal 24. 77 Pradesh Chandigarh 14. 54 D. & N. Haveli 9. 46 Delhi 9. 34 Goa, Daman & 11. 39 Diu Lakshadweep 12. 92 5 Mizoram 5. 64 7. 43 42. 46 36. 54 7. 93 1. 8 5. 7 49. 6 27. 5 15. 5 561 Table 2 Percentage Distribution of Different Type of Families in States/UTs of India for Rural in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 Census Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 5. 15 4. 58 42. 79 26. 19 21. 18 5. 85 4. 88 48. 82 24. 03 16. 42 -4. 72 3. 35 4. 28 8. 35 4. 42 5. 29 7. 14 3. 67 4. 67 6. 91 10. 11 8. 84 5. 66 4. 55 3. 24 7. 94 -5. 99 4. 12 4. 17 4. 62 7. 74 3. 18 3. 75 2. 98 11. 15 -40. 73 43. 92 42. 32 33. 8 42. 11 41. 79 46. 06 37. 83 42. 64 59. 63 56. 04 59. 82 47. 56 45. 03 36. 65 48. 32 -53. 05 39. 51 49. 07 51. 21 61. 73 42. 65 48. 98 43. 13 41. 79 -25. 47 25. 92 24. 20 31. 43 24. 62 29. 92 30. 01 28. 58 19. 77 17. 30 20. 66 17. 98 24. 58 23. 80 32. 64 25. 40 -18. 55 27. 57 25. 58 19. 65 4. 06 22. 80 21. 84 23. 54 28. 42 -24. 84 21. 98 25. 79 16. 97 24. 76 17. 71 13. 36 23. 09 27. 08 13. 05 6. 68 4. 85 16. 96 22. 25 22. 41 9. 65 -16. 07 23. 29 16. 74 7. 75 9. 93 12. 24 18. 94 22. 29 8. 68 1992-93 NFHS Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 2. 5 3. 2 46. 3 20. 7 27. 4 2. 3 3. 0 47. 2 22. 4 25. 1 2. 9 2. 1 3. 3 0. 9 3. 1. 2 2. 7 2. 2 2. 6 2. 5 1. 4 1. 1 0. 2 2. 9 2. 1 1. 6 -4. 2 2. 4 2. 4 1. 7 -3. 7 13. 3 4. 7 5. 1 1. 8 2. 8 1. 7 3. 4 3. 2 3. 9 4. 8 1. 9 2. 3 6. 4 4. 2 5. 1 3. 3 2. 3 1. 5 -5. 4 4. 3 2. 2 3. 2 -3. 8 1. 0 7. 3 49. 8 40. 6 46. 4 43. 7 44. 4 49. 9 43. 4 48. 6 41. 5 43. 1 58. 6 54. 9 73. 8 47. 7 50. 6 43. 4 -53. 6 46. 9 41. 0 48. 0 -49. 7 49. 7 45. 9 23. 7 18. 3 19. 8 18. 4 20. 5 18. 1 24. 6 21. 9 18. 6 23. 0 16. 2 19. 3 9. 4 21. 6 18. 4 18. 6 -22. 3 26. 7 20. 4 22. 6 -19. 1 15. 7 25. 5 18. 6 37. 1 27. 7 35. 3 28. 2 27. 6 25. 3 22. 5 35. 5 29. 1 17. 4 20. 4 11. 5 24. 6 26. 6 34. 9 -14. 5 19. 7 33. 9 22. 4 -23. 7 20. 3 16. 6 Total No. f cases 59534 3106 2021 3627 2509 1702 2074 1850 2813 3162 4391 2306 740 788 828 3288 2276 3901 -2837 908 7738 3141 -815 300 1888 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 4. 24 Gujarat 4. 83 Haryana 3. 33 Himachal 9. 47 Pradesh Jammu & 3. 59 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 08 Kerala 3. 43 Madhya 6. 39 Pradesh Maharashtra 5. 80 Manipur 2. 92 Meghalaya 6. 45 Nagaland 8. 51 Orissa 4. 90 Punjab 4. 16 Rajasthan 5. 00 Sikkim 8. 69 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 4. 26 Uttar Pradesh 5. 47 West Bengal 4. 42 Union Territories A. & N. islands 16. 77 Arunachal 11. 03 Pradesh Chandigarh 19. 13 D. & N. Haveli 6. 49 Delhi 6. 40 Goa, Daman & 9. 54 Diu 6 Laks hadweep 9. 24 Mizoram 3. 60 11. 27 6. 72 17. 22 49. 85 61. 07 27. 45 1. 20 12. 38 -1. 9 -3. 2 -61. 5 -21. 7 -11. 6 -525In hobnailed areas, while 46 percent and 27 percent of families belong to nuclear and joint types respectively in 1992-93, and the percentage of families in supplemented nuclear, broken nuclear and single member type are 21, 3 and 3 respectively. As compared to 1981 census, the pattern of change in urban areas in different family types is almost the same as in the rural areas in 1992-93 (Graph 2). As compared to urban areas, the single member households are less popular in rural areas. It is obvious that persons who migrate to urban areas have to preventive single for quite a long period of time, hence this type of families is arrange to be slightly more in the urban areas. In different states of India, in 1992-93, the percentage of nuclear families in the urban areas, is risque in Nagaland (76 percent) and low in case of Bihar (44 percent) and Uttar Pradesh (5 1 percent).In the less developed states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, a high harmonize of joint families could perchance indicate the traditional nature of the participation and the lack of significant occupational mobility found among the people of the state. In case of Nagaland, it could be that the tradition, which normally demands newly, weds to set up as a separate family and also along with the absence of large landholding result in high proportion of nuclear families. Although, there is an increase in joint families in 1992-93 as compared to 1981, it is found to be more pronounced in urban areas than in rural areas in most of the states of India. In the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Orissa, Goa, Daman & Diu, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, the proportion of supplemented nuclear type of families are higher than the joint type of families in 1992-93.A few pat backgrounds for the same are given below 7 (a) Migration is an important component which forc es the members of the natal family to stay together usually revolving around one married match and sharing the economic assets and income. For instance, when a person mig grade for work he leaves his wife, children behind with his parents, hence in such a society the supplemented nuclear families are expected to be more. Similar is the situation, in case of a person who migrates to urban areas and is forced to stay with his relatives, due to lack of housing. (b) The increase in the socioeconomic education of the society also leads to increase in the status of women.And as the status of women in the family and in the society being high, it is expected that the chances of divorce/separation would also be high in case of marital incompatibility between the partners. This is found to be true in case of Kerala where the status of women and the divorce rates are high (Sureender et al. 1992). In this situation too, there is a possibility of the supplemented nuclear families to be more in the society. In general, there has been a decline in single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear type of families, while an increase is observed in nuclear and joint families as compared to 1981 in most of the states of India.While the decline in the proportion of single and broken nuclear families could be largely attributed to improvement in the health conditions of the population over the years, whereas the following reasons could be thought of for the increase in nuclear families. The decline in the interest of the individual towards satisfying the groups (families) interest The problems related to housing especially in case of migrants to urban areas The lack of adjustment between the family members especially when a bride/groom enters into the family. According to Caldwell et al. (1996), the ultimate reason for the break-up of the joint family is the friction between mother-in-law and daughter- in-law and between daughters-inlaw themselves.In the case of increasin g joint families, problems related to housing could be cited as an important factor especially in urban areas, which force the couples to stay in joint families. Further, low age at marriage among girls also force the couples to stay with the parents till they secure economic independence. This implies an addition of married women in the same family, which results in the classification of the family as a joint family. Joint family also gave security to widows, physically handicapped, economically non-productive and other insecure members 8 of the society. They were thus, the ideal type of household meeting all the requirements of society in the past (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991).According to Mandelbaum (1970), people tend to remain in joint families longer when economic factors favour such families. He also argues that the poorest and the lowest groups tend to have fewest joint families, but even at these social levels, most families become joint for at least for some time after son marries. Further it was argued that even if a whole society strives towards ideal of joint families, there will inevitably be a very considerable proportion of simpler families at transitional stages in a demographic cycle because of deaths among the older generation, the departure from the joint family of otiose married brothers and other factors.Hence, even a considerable proportion of nuclear families in a population is evidence neither of change nor of the forming of that type of families. In additions to the above-mentioned ones there are obvious socioeconomic characteristics of head of the family which result in changes within the family structure. Some of these characteristics which are analysed with the family structure in this paper at the all India level are Education, Age, Religion, Residence, Caste, Sex, Land owning status, and the size of the family. Differentials The results in Table 3 show that there is not much difference in family structure for both urban and r ural areas in India as a whole.However, a considerable increase is observed in the proportion of nuclear families in urban areas compared to rural areas. This statement strengthens the hypothesis that the urban respondents are more likely to choose the nuclear family than the rural respondents. Table 3 Percentage Distribution of various type of Families According to the Background Characteristics of the head of Household (1992-93 NFHS Survey) Background Characteristics Type of Family Single Broken Member Nuclear 3. 7 1. 9 2. 0 2. 4 2. 5 1. 9 2. 9 5. 1 2. 6 1. 7 1. 1 3. 3 3. 8 3. 1 Number of househol ds 36067 24267 8562 19385 10587 10759 669635 Nuclear Suppl. Nuclear 21. 0 20. 2 21. 3 19. 7 20. 20. 3 20. 6 Joint Family 27. 6 27. 2 22. 8 23. 5 24. 7 22. 5 26. 9 Education Illiterate Literate-primary Middle Complete High School + Caste Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Other Castes 42. 7 48. 1 52. 2 53. 3 49. 2 51. 5 46. 5 9 Religion Hindu Muslim Sikh Others Place of Residence Urban Rural Sex of the Head Male Female Land Owning Yes No Age of the Head 40 years 40-60 years 60 + Marital Status Married Separated Widowed Divorced Never married Family size Small Medium Large Very Large 2. 9 2. 2 2. 1 2. 9 3. 2 2. 5 1. 7 11. 7 2. 0 3. 5 2. 3 2. 1 5. 0 0. 8 21. 4 12. 4 12. 9 23. 2 14. 6 - 3. 1 2. 7 4. 7 2. 5 3. 3 3. 2 0. 8 24. 2 2. 4 4. 2. 5 4. 3 2. 5 -34. 3 27. 4 30. 4 1. 5 9. 5 2. 5 0. 8 0. 1 46. 7 47. 3 52. 9 49. 2 49. 8 46. 3 51. 1 16. 1 42. 6 52. 2 57. 7 50. 3 22. 7 55. 0 -56. 8 59. 5 30. 6 6. 6 20. 7 20. 1 19. 9 19. 3 20. 2 20. 7 18. 7 36. 2 20. 8 20. 3 23. 7 18. 2 20. 6 15. 7 37. 9 49. 4 50. 0 59. 2 15. 5 22. 7 24. 4 9. 9 26. 6 27. 7 20. 4 26. 0 23. 4 27. 4 27. 8 11. 9 32. 2 20. 1 13. 8 25. 7 49. 3 28. 5 6. 4 10. 8 6. 7 15. 5 3. 7 15. 3 44. 2 83. 4 68948 8623 8880 1830 28747 59534 79003 9273 43720 44545 32670 37152 18459 76013 688 9261 194 2110 16596 43274 20123 8288 10 A positive association is found between education of the head of the family and family structure. When the head of the family is illiterate, only 43 percent families are nuclear, the relative percentage for the heads who are ameliorate upto high school and above, is 53 percent (Graph 3). Similarly more percentage of scheduled tribes stay in nuclear families as compared to scheduled caste and other caste people, i. e. almost 52 percent of nuclear families were found in scheduled tribes compared to 49 and 46 percent in scheduled caste and other caste people. As evidenced, more proportion of low waged population are prevalent in low caste, so always the head of the family tries to push away the married children from his house to make the family with reduced burden.This could be the plausible reason why the nuclear families are more found in low castes. Srivastava and Nauriyal (1993) also noted in Uttar Pradesh that the joint family system is found to be more popular among the higher castes than the talk terms and lower castes. It is possible that, since the land holding are more among the non-scheduled caste/tribe people, they tend to stay more in joint families compared to scheduled caste/tribe people (Caldwell et al. , 1988). In a study conducted in Karnataka, Caldwell et al. (1984) show that, among those with no land at all, 71 percent are found in nuclear families with land upto one acre, 65 percent with land from one to four acres, 58 percent with over four acres 46 percent.With more resources and a need for more labour, there is more point in keeping a larger family together. A study of 5,200 households throughout Karnataka state, conducted in 1975 by the Bangalore Population Centre, recorded the percentage of different types of families as follows 57. 3% nuclear, 30. 8% stem, 4. 7% joint, and 3. 4% joint stem. The same picture is found in this study too, i. e. , those who possess land, higher percentage stay in joint families than those with no land (Graph 4). It could be that the requirement of manpower in agricultural families and the practice of p roperty staying with the senior citizen of the family tend to keep the joint families intact. Nimkoff (1959) also writes that in India, he joint family system is traditionally most common among the elite, the higher castes and those with more property. It is often held that joint families are especially appropriate for peasants who rail land, that such families, especially those who till their own land, favour large families and favour joint families, because the excess verse form labour pools (Kolenda Pautine et al. , 1987). The sex of head of the family is having a significant relation in forming a particular type of the family. While 51 percent of the male headed families are found to be nuclear type and only 16 percent of nuclear families have female as head of the family. However, the picture is found different in case of the supplemented nuclear and broken nuclear families.Female-headed families are found to be more in supplemented nuclear and broken nuclear family types. Wh ile, migration of males in search of jobs could be one of the reasons which forces the females to head the supplemented nuclear families, the death of the 11 husband and to an extent the increasing divorce rate (especially in urban areas) could be some of the plausible reasons in case of more females heading the broken nuclear families. Religious differentials all the way indicate that more percentage of Sikhs (53 percent) are living in nuclear families compared to all other religions (i. e. , 46. 7, 47. 3 and 49 percent from Hindu, Muslim and other religions respectively).It has been observed in the analysis that the proportion of illiterate heads of the family in Sikh religion is considerably less as compared to the other religions. Also, it was prolonged that the education of the head of the family has a positive association with family structure as the education increases, the proportion of nuclear families increase. Hence, it could be one of the plausible reasons the nuclear families are more in Sikh religion. Though, it has been found in the analysis that in India as a whole, the proportion of nuclear families are more in Sikh religion compared to other ghostly groups. Independently, in Punjab and Haryana the proportion of Sikh religion is more, but it comprises only 25 percent of Indias Sikh population.Our results support the contention of Kingsley Davis Sikhs took more seriously to education, as they are more literate than either the Hindus or the Muslims. Their high percentage in the Indian army has doubtless helped their literacy. Also a district wise analysis of selected states in India by Kolenda Pauline et al. (1987) reveals that high joint family districts have more Hindus and substantially fewer Christians than the low joint family districts. These figures according to the authors suggest that Hindus have a preference for joint family living compared to other religions. As expected, age of the head of family is having a significant associatio n with family structure.Joint families are found to be more among the older ones where the age of the head of family is over 60 years (49. 3 percent). While only 25. 7 percent of the middle aged beads maintain joint families, and the corresponding percentage among younger ones is 14. It is 12 felt that, always the old persons prefer to maintain their family as joint type, because to fulfil their psychological satisfaction through the youngest in the family. This finding is found to be similar to an earlier study conducted by Driver (1962) in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. A study by Morrison (1959) reveals that nuclear families are generally small and specialty in size, whereas joint families are large and very large.It is equally obvious that there is considerable overlapping in the medium and large size categories so that it is not possible to say that medium sized families are always nuclear and large sized are always joint in composition. Similar type of results were noticed i n this study too, that, nuclear families are generally small and medium in size and joint families are large and very large in size. To be precise, while percentage of small and medium size in nuclear families are 56. 8 and 59. 5 respectively and among the joint families are 3. 7 and 15. 3 respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of large and very large size families in nuclear type are 30. 6 and 6. 6 percent respectively as compared to 44. 2 and 83. 4 among joint families.These results clearly show that broken nuclear families and nuclear families are usually small and medium in size, whereas joint families are large in family size. Conclusion Keeping in view that the changes in family structure are inevitable partly as a result of continuing demographic change, this paper examines the changes in family structure from 1981 to 1992-93 in India. The results reveal that over the years, there has been an increase in the nuclear and joint families, although nuclear families are l eading in both the rural and urban areas. On the other hand, a decline is observed in the single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear families. Nuclear families are found to be more in case of Nagaland as compared to rest of the states of India.The differentials in family structure reveals that the socio-economic background of the head of the family has a definite role to play in the growth of nuclear families in India. These changes in the family structure calls for the examination of its plausible consequences on the attitude and behaviour of the family members at the micro level. References 1. Agarwala, B. R. , 1962, Nature and extent of social change in a mobile commercial community. Sociological Bulletin, 11. 2. Beteille, A. , 1964. Family and social change in India and other southeastward Asian Countries. Economic and Political Weekly, Annual. XVI 237-244. 13 3. Caldwell, J. C. Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1984.The determinants of family structure in Rural So uth India. Journal of jointure and the Family, 46 (1) 215-230. 4. Caldwell, J. C. Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1988. The Causes of Demographic Change Experimental Research in South India. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 5. Caldwell, J. C. , Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1996, The family in South India Past, present and future. affable Change, 26(2) 116-129. 6. Chakravorty, C. and Singh, A. K. , 1991. Household Structures in India. Census of India 1991. Occasional Paper No. 1. Social Studies Division, Office of the Registrar General, India. 7. Cohen, Yebudi A. , 1981. Shrinking Households.Society 48-52. 8. Desai, L. P. , 1964. Some Aspects of Family in Mahuva. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. 9. Driver, E. D. , 1962, family structure and socioeconomic status in Central India. Sociological Bulletin, 11112-120. 10. DSouza, A. , 1971. The Indian Family in the Changes and Challenge of the Seventies. Sterling Publisher Private Limited, New Delhi. 11. Gore, M. , 1968. Urbanization and Family Change. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. 12. Goode Willian, J. , 1968. Foreword in M. S. Gore, Urbanization and Family Change. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. 13. Gould, H. A. , 1968. Time-dimension and Structural Change in an Indian Kinship System. In M.Singer and B. S. Cohn (eds. ). Structure and Change in Indian Society, pp. 413-42 1. Chicago. 14. Kapadia, K. M. , 1959. The family in transition. Sociological Bulletin, 8 (2) 68-99. 15. Kapadia, K. M. , 1969. Marriage and Family in India. Oxford University, Press, Bombay. 14 16. Khatri, A. A. , 1972. The Indian family An empirically derived analysis of shifts in size and types. Journal of Marriage and the Family 34 (4) 725-734. 17. Kolenda, Pauline and Haddon, Lorraine. 1987. Marked Regional Differences in Family, Structure in India, In Pauline Kolenda (ed. ), Regional Differences in Family Structure in India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur. 18.Krishna Moorthy, S. and Kulkarni. P. M. , 1985-86, Family formation and structu re. Journal of Family Welfare. 32 (1). 19. Mandelbaum, David G. , 1970. Society in India Continuity and Change (Vol. 1). University of atomic number 20 Press, London. 20. Morrison, W. A. , 1959. Family types in Badlapur An analysis of a changing institution in a Maharashtrian Village. Sociological Bulletin, 8 (2) 45-67. 21. Nimkoff, M. F. , 1959, The family in India. Sociological Bulletin. 8 (2) 32-58. 22. Nimkoff, M. F. and Middleton, R. 1960. Types of family and types of economy. American Journal of Sociology, 66 (3) 215-225. 23. Rao, N. Bhaskara, Kulkarni, P. M. , Rayappa and P.Hanumantha, 1986, Determinants of Fertility Decline A Study of Rural Karnataka. South Asia Publishers, New Delhi. 24. Reddy, P. H. and others, 1975, Dual Record System. Population Research Centre, Bangalore. 25. Richard, J. , et al. , 1985, Family type and the aged. The Journal of Family Welfare, 31 (4) 31-38. 26. Ross, A. D. , 1961, The Hindu Family in its Urban Setting. Toronto Oxford University Press. 27. Srivastava, K. K. and Nauriyal, D. K. 1993, Family structure and child survival among Jamsaris of Uttar Pradesh. Social Change, 23 (2&3) 159163. 28. Sureender, S. et al. , 1992. Divorce in India A macro level analysis. Social Change, 22 (2). 15

Mkt 421 Week 1

Summary of Point Values for contrast Assignments ASSIGNMENTSPoints undivided (75%) Defining selling reputation ( calendar week 1) (Sunday, January 8th, 2012)8 merchandise Mix subject ( workweek 2) (Sunday, January 15th, 2012)8 selling explore Paper ( calendar week 3) (Sunday, January 22nd, 2012)8 victimisation Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary (Week 4) (Sunday, January 29th, 2012)8 surroundingsal Factors Paper (Week 5) (Sunday, February 5th, 2012)8 Final examination (Week 5) (Monday, February 6th, 2012)15 Participation (2 points per week, ? point per serve day 2 essential posts = qualifying day)10 every week Summaries (2 points per week)10 instruction team (25%) Marketing device shape I Paper (Week 2) (Monday, January 16th, 2012)5 Marketing Plan Phase II Paper (Week 3) (Monday, January 23rd, 2012)5 Marketing Plan Phase III Paper (Week 4) (Monday, January 30th, 2012)5 Marketing Plan Final Paper (Week 5) (Monday, February 6th, 2012)10 Total100 Week One M arketing Fundamentals DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Define merchandising. 1. 2Explain the importance of selling in organizational success. 1. 3Describe the elements of the market mix. 1. 4Explain the importance of the selling mix in the development of marketing eruptline and tactics. . 5 bring about a marketing plan. 1. 6 come across quantifiable elements that can be used to evaluate, monitor, and control marketing effectiveness. ReadingsRead Ch. 1 & 2 of elemental Marketing. Read Ch. 1 & 2 of Marketing Management. polish up this weeks Electronic reliever Readings. ParticipationParticipate in social class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 geezerhood during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day 2 real posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to from each one week discussion questions. Discussion questions bequeath count as participation. reading squad InstructionsResources University Library, inte rnet Create the discipline Team Charter. (Due Week 1) Create a new convergence or benefit for an alive organization. LEARNING TEAM MUST HAVE INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL ON produce AND ORGANIZATION PRIOR TO STARTING ON PHASE 1. Begin working on the Marketing Plan. Your Learning Team will complete assignments related to creating a Marketing Plan. These assignments will culminate in the Marketing Plan Final Paper and Presentation due in Week Five. hazard Final Deliverables cusp in Team Forum The Marketing Plan deliverables areMarketing Plan Phase I Paper (Due Week 2) Marketing Plan Phase II Paper (Due Week 3) Marketing Plan Phase III Paper (Due Week 4) Marketing Plan Final Paper and Presentation (Due Week 5)Monday, January 9th Individual Defining Marketing Resource University Library Write a 700- to 1,050-word motif in which you go down marketing. Include in your paper your personal definition of marketing and definitions from two opposite sources. Based on these definitions, expla in the importance of marketing in organizational success. Provide at least three examples from the line of reasoning world to support your explanation.Properly cite sources used in the paper. data signifierat your paper reconciled with APA guidelines. A corroboration of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 8th 8 Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main assembly and begin responding to apiece others summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. stomach Summary cuckold for from each one week in the primary(prenominal) assemblage. Monday, January 9th2 Week Two Marketing Research DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Justify the importance of marketing look for in the development of marketing strategy and tactics. . 2 poll the importance of competitive intelligence activity and analysis in marketing. 2. 3 differentiate various segmentation criteria that impact target market selection. 2. 4Desc ribe the various types of organizational buyers and consumers and the factors that trance their purchasing decisions. ReadingsRead Ch. 8 of Marketing. Read Ch. 4, 5, & 6 of Marketing An Introduction. Review this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? oint per qualifying day 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. Individual Marketing MixResources University Library, Internet Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you signalize the elements of the marketing mix (intersection, shopping mall, outlay, and promotion), utilizing three different sources. In addition, select an organization with which you are long-familiar and spot how each one of the four elements of the marketing mix bushels the development of the organizatio ns marketing strategy and tactics.Describe how each element is implemented. Specifically identify your selected organization and the industry in which it exists. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A security of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 15th8 Learning Team Marketing Plan Phase IResources University Library, Internet Create a new produce or service for an existing organization. This harvest or service will be the basis for your Marketing Plan Paper. Obtain your instructors approval of your production or service before beginning this project.Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper to include the following An overview of the existing organization A description of the new product or service An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organizations success A SWOTT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends) analysis on the new product or service The marketing research approach you would use to develop the marketing st rategy and tactics for this new product or service Refer to the Marketing Plan Outline listed on the student website for the general mannikin of the Marketing Plan.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, January 16th5 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will work these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation breed and instructions for neb are included in a separate message in the get across Materials assemblage. contribute Individual Forum Monday, January 16th Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each others summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST Summa ry thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 16th2 Week Three Marketing Strategy Product and Price DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Describe the relationship between speciality and smirch of products or services. 3. 2Analyze the impact of the product animateness cycle on marketing. . 3Identify the appropriate price strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. ReadingsRead Ch. 4, 9, 10, 17, & 18 of Basic Marketing. Review this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. IndividualMarketing ResearchResources University Library, Kudler Fine victualss Virtual scheme habit the Virtual Organization link on the student website to access additional company culture on Kudler Fine Foods. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you justify the importance of marketing research in the development of Kudler Fine Foods marketing strategy and tactics, and identify the areas where additional market research is needed. Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis in regards to the development of Kudler Fine Foods marketing strategy and tactics.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 22nd8 Learning Team Marketing Plan Phase IIResources University Library, Internet Use the product or service you selected for your Marketing Plan Phase I Paper. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you point the following Identify the segmentation criteria that will affect your target market selection. Identify your target market. Describe the organizational buyers and consumers of your product or service and the factors that influ ence their purchasing decisions.Discuss how these factors will affect your marketing strategy. Analyze stream competitors and define the competitive landscape for your product or service. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, January 23rd5 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects.The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the syllabus Materials forum. POST Individual Forum Monday, January 23rd Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each others summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. PO ST Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 23rd2 Week Four Marketing Strategy Place and furtherance DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Analyze the impact of channel centering decision on marketing. 4. Select appropriate distribution channels. 4. 3Identify the appropriate place and promotional strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. ReadingsRead Ch. 11, 12, 14, & 16 of Basic Marketing. Review this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. Individual use Perceptual Maps in Marketing SimulationResources Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing simulation Complete the simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, loc ated on the student website. Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word summary in which you point of reference the following For each of the three major phases in the simulation, describe The situation Your recommended solutions, including why Your results Summarize the different marketing components addressed in this simulation by answering the following questions What is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products or services?Is the repositioning of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? Explain why or why not. What is the effect of the product life cycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 29th8 Learning Team Marketing Plan Phase III Resources University Library, Internet Use the product or service you selected for your Marketing Plan Phase I Paper. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper to include the following information Describe the attributes of your product or service in detail. Describe the pace at which your product will move through the product life cycle and the factors that will affect its movement. How will the product life cycle affect the marketing of your selected product or service? Identify the positioning and differentiation strategies for the product or service. Identify the appropriate price strategy that should be used for the product or service. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, January 30th 5 IndividualPeer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the Course Materials forum. POST Individual Forum Monday, January 30th Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each others summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week.Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 30th2 Week Five The Dynamic Environment of Marketing DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify environmental factors that affect marketing decisions. 5. 2Explain the impact of technology on marketing. 5. 3Analyze the importance of social responsibility and ethics in marketing. ReadingsRead Ch. 3 & 13 of Marketing Management. Read Ch. 15 & 16 of Marketing An Introduction. Review this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion.Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day 2 substantive posts = qualifyin g day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Individual Environmental FactorsResources University Library, Internet Select an organization with which you are familiar that conducts both domestic and global marketing. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you identify the environmental factors that affect global and domestic marketing decisions. Address the following as they relate to the organizations marketing decisions Analyze the influence of global economic interdependence and the effect of trade practices and agreements. Examine the importance of demographics and sensible infrastructure. Analyze the influence of cultural differences. Examine the importance of social responsibility and ethics versus legal obligations. Analyze the effect of political systems and the influence of international relations. Analyze the influence of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as well as the influence of local, national, and international legislation. Expla in the effect of technology. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, February 5th8 Individual Final interrogationResource Basic Marketing Click the link to the Final Examination on the student website available at the end of Week Four through the end of Week Five. Complete the Final Examination. You are allowed one attempt to complete the exam, which is timed and must be holy in 3 hours. Results are auto graded and sent to your instructor. However, please post a copy in your individual forum. Monday, February 6th15 Learning Team Marketing Plan Final Paper Resources University Library, InternetUse the Marketing Plan Outline listed on the student website as a guide. Write a 6,300- to 7,000-word paper integrating your previous Learning Team assignments into a final Marketing Plan Paper. In addition, address the following information in your paper Identify the appropriate place and promotional strategy that should be u sed in the development of the strategic marketing plan. Develop an initial sales promotion schedule. Create an advertising plan. Identify public relations opportunities for the product or service. Analyze the effect of channel management decisions on the marketing or your selected product or service.Select appropriate distribution channels for your product or service and address costs in terms of placement, shipping, and middlemen. Develop a budget for your plan. Identify quantifiable elements that can be used to evaluate, monitor, and control the effectiveness of your marketing plan. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, February 6th10 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself).I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions t o the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the Course Materials forum. POST Individual Forum Monday, February 6th Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each others summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, February 6th2

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Bronchitis in Children - Research Paper ExampleBronchitis is a medical condition in which the bronchi of the lungs have some inflammation and some irritation. It may be a grievous condition or not, depending on how it is handled from the start, usually beginning with diagnosis and ending with prescription/treatment. pulley-block of the lung airways/air passages may lead to serious breathing difficulties which may be fatal if not dealt with thence and timely (Ivker, 2000). Children provide from bronchitis which in some cases may be diagnosed wrongly as asthma or pneumonia/chest cold due to the similarity in symptoms. For children, there have been quite some challenges because they resolve it in some ways that adults dont. Children may contract bronchitis when they get a contagious bacterium or virus. For this reason and more, the bronchitis in children may be mistaken for some other diseases if proper diagnosis is not carried out, and that leads to wrong prescriptions which may cause death. Just like in the case of adults, children also suffer from the two classes of bronchitis, acute and chronic.It is first of all very important to be aware of the specific revelatory signs and symptoms of a possible bronchitis problem in a child. This is necessary because it eliminates cases in which parents and even family doctors use the prevalent signs to conclude that a child is suffering has an ailment other than bronchitis. This ensures that a child suffering from bronchitis is correctly diagnosed in time. It is important to note that most preschool children under the age of five are more habituated to acute bronchitis than the chronic type. A proper treatment plan helps to prevent cases where acute bronchitis develops into the more dangerous pneumonia. In developing a treatment plan, a physician/clinician exacts to check the specific revelatory signs, and also study the childs medical/health history (Tackett & Atkins, 2012).The physician/clinician will need a stethoscope

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Hand crap-shooter owners - Essay ExampleThe profound tenet of this typography is the idea that digesting a concealed hand-gun does not, in point of fact, put the owner of that pistol at greater risk when confronted with a mugger, that carrying a concealed weapon genuinely makes someone safer when confronted with furious crime.There is a of import problem with this paper, however, is that none of the following arguments or topics actually relate directly to the central thesis. After arguing that carrying a concealed hand gun makes one safer when confronted by a thug, the paper moves on to discussing concealed carry laws (without directly relating those to safety), before moving on to arguing that people who carry concealed weapons with permits are law abiding (again, not directly related to safety). The only argument actually related to safety is in the conclusion, when the paper quotes John Stossel without using a source to say that he says that maximum security felons avoid n eighborhoods where they perceive a large look of gun owners. 2. As mentioned above, diminished recount is given directly in support of the thesis. There are two concrete pieces of evidence given the number of permit carriers in the country (which the author uses to counter the notion that there would be lots of violence if there were a lot of gun carriers).).This doesnt logically link to the argument, however, because a) the number given is very small compared to the population of the US and b) the author doesnt try to argue that gun violence is rare